LUCIO1-Direct-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests were validated for the screening of
drugs of abuse cannabis, opiates, amphetamines and cocaine in urine for the new German medical and
psychological assessment (MPA) guidelines with subsequent gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric
(GC–MS) confirmation. The screening cut-offs corresponding to 10 ng/mL 11-nor-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-
9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH), 50 ng/mL amphetamine, 25 ng/mL morphine and codeine
and 30 ng/mL benzoylecgonine were chosen at the point where the number of false negatives was lower
than 1%. Due to their accuracy, ease of use and rapid analysis, these ELISA tests are very promising for
cases where a large proportion of the tests are expected to be negative such as for abstinence monitoring
as part of the driving licence re-granting process.