However, in the absence of emulsifier, reduction or elimination
of shortening had no significant effect (p > 0.05) in S and T
formulations and resulted in a higher G0 (p < 0.05) in C batters,
while in CT, shortening elimination caused a decrease of G0
(p < 0.05). It seems that in CT formulations without emulsifier, tiger
nut flour allowed the increase of G0 when shortening was present,
probably due to its lipid content (28.6 g/100 g) that permit the
emulsification of chickpea protein