2.3. Energy and mass balance
The energy and mass balance for pre-heating, separation, pasteurization,evaporation and spray drying for the three manufacturing process shown in Fig. 1 would theoretically be the same.The energy and mass balance for pre-heating, separation and pasteurization was calculated to allow comparison with published data. The comparison of energy differences will then be assessed
only based on difference in the homogenization and mixing/standardization processes where either whole milk or cream only was fed through the homogenizer. Specific energy (E in kW h/kL) for each operation was calculated using the following equations: