CYP72A224 is the 7-deoxyloganic acid hydroxylase. Despite its poor expression in yeast, CYP72A224 catalysed the conversion of 7-deoxyloganic acid into loganic acid in yeast microsomes (Fig. 6) with a Kmapp of 400 mM and a Vmax of 0.01 pmol s1 per mg microsomal protein (Supplementary Fig. 6). kcat could not be determined due to low expression in yeast preventing precise quantification of the enzyme concentration. Owing to the low expression of CYP72A224 in yeast, a N. benthamiana leaf-disc