7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
radiation of alpha, beta particles, proton, neutron and
positron
Inability to write nuclear symbols of , , proton, neutron
and positron.
Inability to calculate number of protons, neutrons and
electrons from nuclear equations
Inability to write alpha decay equations, Beta decay
equations and atomic fusion of hydrogen nuclei to form
helium nucleus
Inability to balance given nuclear equations and identify
and particles from balanced equation
Inability to determine values of atomic and mass number
in nuclear equations
Inability to write and balance nuclear equations from
statements
Inability to write and balance equations for nuclear
fission, fusion and differentiate between them
Inability to balance nuclear equations from statements
Inability to relate alpha emission to position of element in
Periodic Table
Inability to differentiate natural radioactivity from
artificial radioactivity, through their equations.
Poor conceptual understanding of half life of nuclei, &
give a name to the phenomenon
Inability to compare stability of elements based on their
half lives, on their proton/neutron ratio
Inability to calculate time taken for complete nuclear
decay
Inability to calculate mass of material that decayed over
time.
Inability to calculate half life from decay constant
160
(85.4)
144
(77.4)
148
(79.9)
95 (50.1)
145
(77.6)
178
(95.5)
170
(91.0)
164
(88.2)
163
(91.2)
170
(91.6)
137
(74.1)
125
(68.1)
167
(89.4)
165
(88.0)
160
(85.7)
93 (49.3)
94 (51.1)
166 (88.9)
182
(97.0)
168
(89.9)
179
(95.8)
45 (24.9)
105
(61.7)
32
(50.7)***
26 (42.2)
18 (44.1)
34.7
35.2
35.8
10 (17.2)
37
(59.3)***
43
(68.6)***
29 (46.5)
37
(59.7)***
38
(60.8)***
27 (43.2)
20 (31.4)
3 (4.7)
35
(55.4)***
30 (47.9)
22 (35.4)
19 (30.4)
9 (15.0)
38
(60.8)***
34
(55.1)***
32
(51.1)***
46
(73.9)***
10 (17.2)
21 (34.6)
32.9
18.3
26.9
44.5
28.5
30.4
48.4
42.7
63.4
34.0
40.1
50.3
18.9
36.1
28.1
41.9
38.8
21.9
7.7
27.1
Inability to name the instruments used for detecting
radiation
24Inability to state some useful and harmful effects of
radioactivity
25Inability to give correct reason why solid radioactive
waste is not disposed of by composting
26Inability to state specific uses of some radioisotopes like
cobalt, iodine, phosphorus
27Inability to differentiate between chemical and nuclear
reactions
28Inability to relate energy in fusion reaction to Einstein’s
equation
29Inability to estimate the penetrating power of radiations
30Inability to identify the deflection of , , rays in
electrostatic field, justify the directions of deflections and
identify component stopped by metal foil