Social environmental variable include focusing on situational factors that may be associated with alcohol use; these are generally conceptualized as triggers. Coping skills, in turn, focus on the patient’s ability to cope with stressful events without reverting to the use of alcohol. This approach has been emphasized in cognitive-behavioral intervention for alcoholism that focus on skills building –such as drinking refusal skills, coping with urges, and coping with negative thoughts and feelings. Social learning theory also highlights two cognitive factors thought to be relevant for the development and maintenance of alcoholism: self-efficacy and outcome expectancies. Self-efficacy refer to one’s belief in one’s ability to enact given behavior or obtain a certain outcome. Abstinence self-efficacy has been found to be a strong predictor of treatment outcome for alcohol use disorder