Another series of studies examined the toxicity of nicotine toward Hyposoter
annulipes, a generalist parasitoid of noctuid moths, including the fall armyworm,
Spodoptera frugiperda, and Cotesia congregata (Braconidae), a specialist parasitoid
of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Sphingidae). High levels of
nicotine in the artificial diet of S. frugiperda resulted in lower larval survivorship,
longer developmental times, and smaller adult body sizes of H. annulipes (53)