Various hydrometallurgical pro- cesses including precipitation, liquid–liquid extraction, electro- winning, ion-exchange, and oxidation/reduction have been proven to be suitable for extraction and purification of valuable metals from pre-processed thin-film PV module wastes, but the extrac- tion and purification process varies according to the target mate- rial to be recovered and generally consists of many separation and concentration steps. Some research has been conducted on the remanufacturing and reuse of PV modules. The ease-to-dis- assembly design may improve the reusability of valuable compo- nents of PV modules.