From 1953 to 1975, Iran underwent a dramatic trans- formation. Muhammad Reza Shah pursued an aggressive Western-oriented socioeconomic modernization pro- gram, known as the White Revolution (1963-1977), and an aggressive expansion of the state.15 During this time, the shah carried out much of the work that his father— Reza Shah Pahlavi—had abandoned when he was forced to leave power in 1941, including an intense push to ex- pand three crucial sectors of the state: the military, the bureaucracy, and the court patronage system. In many ways, Muhammad Reza Shah set up an even more cen- tralized state than his father had by taking major steps to advance the country’s military, infrastructure, industry, and external trade, while advocating for land reforms and state-sponsored scholarships to Iranian students.
From 1953 to 1975, Iran underwent a dramatic trans- formation. Muhammad Reza Shah pursued an aggressive Western-oriented socioeconomic modernization pro- gram, known as the White Revolution (1963-1977), and an aggressive expansion of the state.15 During this time, the shah carried out much of the work that his father— Reza Shah Pahlavi—had abandoned when he was forced to leave power in 1941, including an intense push to ex- pand three crucial sectors of the state: the military, the bureaucracy, and the court patronage system. In many ways, Muhammad Reza Shah set up an even more cen- tralized state than his father had by taking major steps to advance the country’s military, infrastructure, industry, and external trade, while advocating for land reforms and state-sponsored scholarships to Iranian students.
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