There are many possible definitions of contrast. Some include color; others do not. Travnikova laments, "Such a multiplicity of notions of contrast is extremely inconvenient. It complicates the solution of many applied problems and makes it difficult to compare the results published by different authors."[5]
Various definitions of contrast are used in different situations. Here, luminance contrast is used as an example, but the formulas can also be applied to other physical quantities. In many cases, the definitions of contrast represent a ratio of the type
frac{mbox{Luminance difference}}{mbox{Average luminance}}.
The rationale behind this is that a small difference is negligible if the average luminance is high, while the same small difference matters if the average luminance is low (see Weber–Fechner law). Below, some common definitions are given.
Weber contrast[edit]
Weber contrast is defined as
frac{I-I_mathrm{b}}{I_mathrm{b}},
with I and I_mathrm{b} representing the luminance of the features and the background, respectively. The measure is also referred to as Weber fraction since it is the term which is constant in Weber's Law. Weber contrast is commonly used in cases where small features are present on a large uniform background, i.e., where the average luminance is approximately equal to the background luminance.
Michelson contrast[edit]
Michelson contrast[6] (also known as the Visibility) is commonly used for patterns where both bright and dark features are equivalent and take up similar fractions of the area (e.g. sine-wave gratings). The Michelson contrast is defined as
frac{I_mathrm{max}-I_mathrm{min}}{I_mathrm{max}+I_mathrm{min}},
with I_mathrm{max} and I_mathrm{min} representing the highest and lowest luminance. The denominator represents twice the average of the luminance.[7]
RMS contrast[edit]
Root mean square (RMS) contrast does not depend on the spatial frequency content or the spatial distribution of contrast in the image. RMS contrast is defined as the standard deviation of the pixel intensities:[8]
sqrt{frac{1}{M N}sum_{i=0}^{N-1}sum_{j=0}^{M-1}(I_{ij}-ar{I})^2},
where intensities I_{ij} are the i-th j-th element of the two dimensional image of size M by N. ar{I} is the average intensity of all pixel values in the image. The image I is assumed to have its pixel intensities normalized in the range [0,1].
Contrast sensitivity[edit]
Contrast sensitivity is a measure of the ability to discern between luminances of different levels in a static image. Contrast sensitivity varies between individuals, reaching a maximum at approximately 20 years of age, and at spatial frequencies of about 2–5 cycles/degree. In addition it can decline with age and also due to other factors such as cataracts and diabetic retinopathy.[9]
There are many possible definitions of contrast. Some include color; others do not. Travnikova laments, "Such a multiplicity of notions of contrast is extremely inconvenient. It complicates the solution of many applied problems and makes it difficult to compare the results published by different authors."[5]
Various definitions of contrast are used in different situations. Here, luminance contrast is used as an example, but the formulas can also be applied to other physical quantities. In many cases, the definitions of contrast represent a ratio of the type
frac{mbox{Luminance difference}}{mbox{Average luminance}}.
The rationale behind this is that a small difference is negligible if the average luminance is high, while the same small difference matters if the average luminance is low (see Weber–Fechner law). Below, some common definitions are given.
Weber contrast[edit]
Weber contrast is defined as
frac{I-I_mathrm{b}}{I_mathrm{b}},
with I and I_mathrm{b} representing the luminance of the features and the background, respectively. The measure is also referred to as Weber fraction since it is the term which is constant in Weber's Law. Weber contrast is commonly used in cases where small features are present on a large uniform background, i.e., where the average luminance is approximately equal to the background luminance.
Michelson contrast[edit]
Michelson contrast[6] (also known as the Visibility) is commonly used for patterns where both bright and dark features are equivalent and take up similar fractions of the area (e.g. sine-wave gratings). The Michelson contrast is defined as
frac{I_mathrm{max}-I_mathrm{min}}{I_mathrm{max}+I_mathrm{min}},
with I_mathrm{max} and I_mathrm{min} representing the highest and lowest luminance. The denominator represents twice the average of the luminance.[7]
RMS contrast[edit]
Root mean square (RMS) contrast does not depend on the spatial frequency content or the spatial distribution of contrast in the image. RMS contrast is defined as the standard deviation of the pixel intensities:[8]
sqrt{frac{1}{M N}sum_{i=0}^{N-1}sum_{j=0}^{M-1}(I_{ij}-ar{I})^2},
where intensities I_{ij} are the i-th j-th element of the two dimensional image of size M by N. ar{I} is the average intensity of all pixel values in the image. The image I is assumed to have its pixel intensities normalized in the range [0,1].
Contrast sensitivity[edit]
Contrast sensitivity is a measure of the ability to discern between luminances of different levels in a static image. Contrast sensitivity varies between individuals, reaching a maximum at approximately 20 years of age, and at spatial frequencies of about 2–5 cycles/degree. In addition it can decline with age and also due to other factors such as cataracts and diabetic retinopathy.[9]
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