(a) Point Charge Inside or Outside a Closed. Volume
Now consider the two cases illustrated in Figure 2·15 where an arbitrarily shaped closed volume V either surrounds a point charge q or is near a point charge q outside the surface
S. For either case the electric field emanates radially from the point charge with the spatial inverse square law. We wish to calculate the flux of electric field through the surface S
sur-roundin& the volume V: