1) VH is the area that has been converted to
orchard farming since 1979. There are two orchard
species, mango (Magifera indica L.) and tamarind
(Tamarindus indica L.). The land was prepared by
using a large tractor car to plough and disturb
the soil surface down to 30 - 40 cm depth.
The villager’s applied fertilizer as well as do tillage
every year for almost 25 years. There are three sites
of VH area. The tamarind plot was not well
maintained and so some native species have
established within the orchard. The other two plots,
both mango orchards, were well maintained and so
have no native trees in these plots.