For example, using data
derived from a cohort of young adults in the United States, Boone-
Heinonen and colleagues (2011) reported that fast-food presence
is associated with fast-food consumption among low-income respondents.
Longacre et al. (2012) found that persons living in a nonmetropolitan
area with five or more fast-food outlets in their
neighborhood are 30% more likely to eat fast food compared to
persons with no such availability. In contrast, two other studies found
no significant association between the presence of fast food and an
individual’s fast-food consumption (Jeffery et al., 2006; Thornton
et al., 2009).