the logged forest at the West end of his range, where his
core area was found.
We noticed a shift of area used by Bear #122 after the
first 3 months of radio tracking. Thus, we divided his
movement patterns into two different time periods:
May–August 2000, and September–December 2000.
During the first period, Bear #122 moved primarily in
an East–West direction, North of the main logging road.
He developed one core area North of the road, where he
found at least four fruiting fig trees and remained close
to fig resources until total depletion of the crop. On 13
October 2000, we recorded him near a garbage dump for
the first time since his capture. The dumpsite was located
at the most southern tip of his home range and about 3.5
km south from his core area at the northern part of his
range. He remained near the garbage dump that became
his second core area most of the time until June 2001.
He would periodically travel North to his old core areas
where the fig trees were. Bear #122 crossed the main
logging road many times even during daytime.
The home range of Bear #120 was located between
Bear #122s range on the East and the Segama River on
the West. Bear #120 concentrated his movements in his
core areas where he was captured and later found a
fruiting fig tree. Although the ranges of Bear #122 and
Bear #120 showed minor overlap, we never located
them closer than 1.5 km apart. The daily movement
distance of Bear #120 were among the longest with a
mean of 1810 m. The maximum travel distance in 24 h
of 5.5 km was recorded for Bear #120.
4.4. Activity patterns
4.4.1. 24-h/day monitoring
A total of 792 h of continuous monitoring for daily
activity was obtained in 1999 and 2000 that resulted in
5687 readings of activity. These included 10 days (1206
readings) of monitoring of Bear #125, nine days (1104
readings) of Bear #124, three days (238 readings) of
Bear #123, and 23 days (3139 readings) of Bear #122.
The analysis was based on these 45 samples.
Activity of male Malayan sun bears was unimodal
with most activity in daytime (Fig. 4). Activity started at
dawn, before sunrise, at 0530 and increased abruptly 30
min later. The activity remained high until 1800 h in the
evening and slowly decreased as dusk approached, with
sunset at 1830 h. Due to a dense canopy layer of the
forest, the forest floor becomes dark in the forest immediately
after sunset at 1830 h. After 2100 h, the activity
of the sun bears reached its lowest level with <20%
probability of activity and remained at this level until
the next morning at dawn. However, we did find variation
among bears. For instance, Bear #125 was strictly
diurnal. Bear #124 had two major resting periods at
0800 and 1400 h. Bear #124 also had two activity peaks,
which reached about 60% probability of activity at 2000
and 0030 h. Despite these variations, male Malayan
sun bears at Ulu Segama Forest Reserve were generally
diurnal.
4.4.2. Camera traps
A total of 49 camera trap stations accumulated 858
camera/nights (19,418 working hours). These cameras
took 1957 photographs that contained at least one animal,
including 198 photographs of Malayan sun bears.
Since many of these photographs were of same bear
taken continuously at one site visit, we only use one
photo/day/site/bear. Only 46 photographs fulfilled this
criterion and were used for the analysis of activity.
Results from camera traps show different activity
patterns than the radio monitoring. Photographs of sun
bears were taken predominantly at dawn and dusk and
night (Fig. 5). Eight photographs (17%) and six photographs
(13%) were taken at dusk and dawn, respectively,
while only four were recorded between 0700 and 1700 h.
Numbers of photographs taken at night ranged from
one to five photos every hour. These data suggest that
the Malayan sun bears were more active during the
crepuscular period than diurnally.
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
10:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
20:00
22:00
Time
Proportion of time active
Fig. 4. Combined 24-h activity patterns of four male Malayan sun
bears in Ulu Segama Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia (n ¼ 5687) from
June 1999 to December 2000.
Table 3
Linear distance (m) between consecutive daily locations (approximately
24 h apart) of Malayan sun bears in Ulu Segama Forest Reserve,
Sabah, Malaysia
Bear ID n Mean SD Minimum Maximum
125 36 1286 962 250 4890
124 17 1382 930 320 3150
122 88 1340 826 141 3667
120 24 1810 1294 316 5660
Total 1454240 25683 43411142
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