LECTURE 2
4 Ways of Knowing?
1. Methods of Tenacity/Tradition/Customs/ (Superstition/ Magic/Mystery)
Truth is true because one believes it even in front of contradicting evidence.
2. Method of Authority: Religion
Truth is true because an authority says so.
3. Method of Intuition: Philosophy
Truth is true because it is logical. It derives from reasoning but does not bear empirical support.
4. Method of Science
Science is a method of seeking truth. This method
only accounts for solvable problems that have empirical
solutions based on observable events.
Research
• Re (again) + Search
• defined as a highly intellectual human activity used in the investigation of nature and matter and deals specifically with the manner in which data is collected, analyzed and interpreted
Characteristics of Research
– Research originates with a question or a problem.
– Research requires a clear articulation of a goal.
– Research follow a specific plan of procedure.
– Research usually divides the principal problem into more manageable sub-problems.
– Research is guided by the specific research problem, question, or hypothesis
– Research accepts certain critical assumptions. These assumptions are underlying theories or ideas about how the world works.
– Research requires the collection and interpretation of data in attempting to resolve the problem that initiated the research
– Research is circular which originates and summarizes from research
Misconception about Research
– Statistics
– Calculations
– Theoretical Inquiry
– Academic exercise
– Out of my life
– Complexity
– Difficulty
– Take time
– Pay more
– Pay more
– Useless
Objectives of Research
• To test and develop new theory
• To describe the human life in society by given the reliable information and news
Pure Research
• pure or basic or fundamental research
• research carried out to increase understanding of fundamental principles
• the end results have no direct or immediate commercial benefits: basic research can be thought of as arising out of curiosity. However, in the long term it is the basis for many commercial products and applied research.
Applied Research
• research that is applied, accessing and using some part of the research communities' (the academy's) accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques, for a specific, often state, commercial, or client driven purpose.
Descriptive Research
• Attempt to describe systematically a situation, problem, phenomenon, service or program, or provide information about, say, the living conditions of a community, or describes attitude towards an issues
Correlational Research
• To discover or establish the existence of a relationship/association/ interdependence between 2 or more aspects of situation
Explanatory Research
• To clarify why and how there is a relationship between 2 aspects of situation or phenomenon
• To explore an area where little is known
• To investigate the possibilities of undertaking a particular research study (pilot study)
•
Qualitative & Quantitative Research
• Qualitative Research: Research Methodology that emphasize on depth of understanding and the deeper meanings of human experience, and that aim to generate theoretically richer observations.
– Methods: Participant Observation, Direct Observation, Unstructured or Intensive Interviewing (In-dept Interview), Focus Groups.
• Quantitative Research: Research Methodology that emphasize on precise, objectivity, and generalizability.
– Methods: Measurement Design, Sampling Design
and Statistical Analysis Design