and the resistance levels as they relate to changes of susceptibility to the methodology of control is essential. Control procedures involving management by moderation should be used whenever possible. The success or failure of IPM programs and resistance management programs depends on the decision maker, the pest control personnel and the public. Management by moderation should be the basic approach and might be supplemented to the maximum possible by integrated pest management measures. Recourse to the other strategies described here will be essential in many cases, especially where high value crops or vectors of human disease are involved.