While NOS, emphasized in this study, involves people’s views about how knowledge is
constructed. This is conceptualized as some aspects of the scientific knowledge (Lederman,
2007), which has already been constructed. NOS specifically addresses the beliefs about
the nature and construction of knowledge. As such, NOS involves only one component of the
epistemological beliefs, and that encompasses the beliefs about the nature of knowledge.
Thus, NOS can be considered as one segment of the epistemological beliefs.