In another study of 1585 women that controlled for weight-related variables such as television watching,parental BMI, and education,children born to women with excessive weight gain during pregnancy had four-fold increased odds of being overweight at 3 years of age. Those authors suggest that a reduction in IOM-recommended prenatal weight gains (1990 guide-lines) was necessary. A third study of more than 10000 Americans found a 48% increase in overweight status in offspring at 7 years of age when mothers exceeded IOM weight gain recommendations during pregnancy (adjusted OR 1.48,95% CI 1.06-2.06). These studies demonstrate the importance of the intrauterine environment in molding future metabolic pathway.