Biodiesel is derived from plant or animal oil through the transesterification of triglycerides with alcohol and can be used in place of traditional petroleum diesel fuel sources [110, 111]. The exhaust emissions of biofuel pollutants (particulate matter, adsorbed chemicals, and gases) are often lower than traditional petroleum diesel exhaust and can have unique biological effects [112–114]. In the rat, petrodiesel exhaust particles administered intratracheally triggered neuroinflammation and changes in microglia morphology in the substantia nigra