of cardiac arrest patients who have both lack of pulse and apnea is as follows. 1. The patient meets the indications for endotracheal intubation. 2. It is impossible to maintain the patient’s airway with SGA, because of (1) asphyxia due to foreign-body airway obstruction, (2) or in cases
in which the medical control doctor judges ETI to be required. 3. Patients are ineligible for endotracheal intubation,
because there is: (1) suspected cervical spine injury, (2) head-tilt difficulty, (3) trismus, (4) difficulty
with laryngoscope insertion, (5) difficulty with larynx expansion after laryngoscope insertion, (6) difficulty in
visualizing the vocal chords, (7) prolonged unsuccessful attempts, (8) the ELST on the scene is not certified to
perform endotracheal intubation, and (9) rapid sequence intubation (paralysis and sedation) is not used for ETI
as it is only indicated for cardiac arrest.