EIPs and industrial ecology are the evolutionary
manifestations of the notion of sustainability, which
is de®ned by William Ruckelshaus (1989) as:The
doctrine that economic growth and development must
take place, and be maintained over time, within the
limits set by ecology in the broadest sense ± by the
interrelations of human beings and their works, the
biosphere and the physical and chemical laws that govern it. It follows that environmental protection and
economic development are complementary rather than
antagonistic processes.