Numerous studies in high-income countries have reported that SF policies are self-enforcing (Burns et al. 1992; Hyland
et al. 1999; Borland et al. 2006). Furthermore, some studies have shown that non-smokers can be assertive about their right to clear air, providing social enforcement for these policies (Poland et al. 1999, 2000; Lazuras et al. 2012).
With smoking so pervasive in Indonesian society, and with gender roles that equate smoking with masculinity (Ng et al. 2008), we were interested in assessing how comfortable ordinary citizens felt engaging in social interactions that could influence smokers to comply with KTR policies, such as asking smokers to move away from an area where it is restricted or to stop smoking altogether.