Experimental setup
The IVCW microcosms were located near Donghu lake of Wuhan
city, China. Two parallel pilot-scale IVCWs, each with a downflow
chamber (1 m
×1 m
×
1 m) in series with an up-flow chamber
(1 m
×1 m
×
1 m) (Fig. 1), were constructed in the field. Gravel of