The method currently in use on large transformers is based upon using the harmonic characterization
of the inrush and overexcitation currents. The differential current is almost purely sinusoidal
when the transformer has an internal fault, whereas it is full of harmonics when the magnetizing
inrush current is present, or when the transformer is overexcited. Thus, the differential current
is filtered with filters tuned to an appropriate set of harmonics, and the output of the filters is
used to restrain the differential relay. We may consider a generic circuit for a harmonic restraint
percentage differential relay, although actual relay designs would depend upon the particular manufacturer’s
preference and experience. Consider the circuit shown in Figure 8.11. The restraint
current is obtained from the through-current transformer Tr, while the operating current is obtained
through the differential current transformer Td. The differential current is filtered through a fundamental
frequency band-pass filter to provide the normal operating current. The differential current is