Introduction Nephrolithiasis is a common and recurrent condition. Based on a recent analysis of the National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2010 data, the prevalence of a history of nephrolithiasis in the United States was 10.6% for men and 7.1% for women (1). Recurrences are common, because approximately 25% of untreated patients experience a new episode within 5 years (2). In addition to the pain and suffering, the medical costs associated with kidney stones exceed $2 billion annually, and there are additional costs because of missed work