initiative and 0 otherwise. We conducted descriptive statistics of
the “participation” variable by sites and by conservation initiatives.
To analyze data by conservation initiative, we grouped study
sites according to types of conservation initiatives present. For ICCAs
we included information from Mancolona, FCP as well as Chu-
nyaxche and Chunpom. For PAswe included information fromall the
study sites except SCT, where there is no PA. For PES, we included
surveys made at Tonalaco, SCT, and Xmaben. As we asked each
respondent by the various conservation initiatives present at each
community, the number of observations onwhich our estimates are
based (n ¼ 1236) is greater than the sample size (n ¼ 670).
To create an index of participation, we used responses to
questions on frequency and type of participation. Responses were
coded in previously assigned answers that also had predetermined
values. Values for the frequency of participation ranged from 0 (no
participation) to 3 (always participate). And values in terms of the
type of participation ranged from 1 (passive participation) to 3
(active participation) (Table 2). Specifically, to assess the type of
participation in conservation activities, we asked people if their
participation was a) forced, understood as mandatory activities, as
is the case of people with land rights once the ejidal assembly has
decided so (value of 1), b) paid, comprising activities economically
rewarded (value of 2); or c) voluntary, comprising those activities
conducted because of the individual's own will (value of 3) (see
Table 2).
We first weighted the participation at each stage (creation,
design and implementation) according to the level of participation.
We did so by multiplying the values obtained from questions
related to frequency times the values obtained from questions
related to type of participation. The participation index was created
by adding values of participation at the three stages. It ranges from
0 to 21. For analytical purposes, and after observing the actual
distribution of values through the index we generated the
following four categories of local participation in conservation: a)
no participation (if participation index is equal to 0), b) low
participation (if participation index is between 1 and 5), c) medium
participation (if participation index is between 6 and 11), and d)
high participation (if participation index is over 12). We analyzed
the participation index by site and by conservation initiative. Re-
sults were analyzed using the Stata 9.0 package.
3. Results
3.1. Local participation in conservation
Our research reveals that more than two thirds of the people in
our sample had not participated at all in any activity explicitly
related to any stage of any conservation initiative in their com-
munities (creation, design or implementation). However, as indi-
cated in Table 3, there are some differences in overall participation
initiative and 0 otherwise. We conducted descriptive statistics ofthe “participation” variable by sites and by conservation initiatives.To analyze data by conservation initiative, we grouped studysites according to types of conservation initiatives present. For ICCAswe included information from Mancolona, FCP as well as Chu-nyaxche and Chunpom. For PAswe included information fromall thestudy sites except SCT, where there is no PA. For PES, we includedsurveys made at Tonalaco, SCT, and Xmaben. As we asked eachrespondent by the various conservation initiatives present at eachcommunity, the number of observations onwhich our estimates arebased (n ¼ 1236) is greater than the sample size (n ¼ 670).To create an index of participation, we used responses toquestions on frequency and type of participation. Responses werecoded in previously assigned answers that also had predeterminedvalues. Values for the frequency of participation ranged from 0 (noparticipation) to 3 (always participate). And values in terms of thetype of participation ranged from 1 (passive participation) to 3(active participation) (Table 2). Specifically, to assess the type ofparticipation in conservation activities, we asked people if theirparticipation was a) forced, understood as mandatory activities, asis the case of people with land rights once the ejidal assembly hasdecided so (value of 1), b) paid, comprising activities economicallyrewarded (value of 2); or c) voluntary, comprising those activitiesconducted because of the individual's own will (value of 3) (seeTable 2).We first weighted the participation at each stage (creation,design and implementation) according to the level of participation.We did so by multiplying the values obtained from questionsrelated to frequency times the values obtained from questionsrelated to type of participation. The participation index was createdby adding values of participation at the three stages. It ranges from0 to 21. For analytical purposes, and after observing the actualdistribution of values through the index we generated thefollowing four categories of local participation in conservation: a)no participation (if participation index is equal to 0), b) lowparticipation (if participation index is between 1 and 5), c) mediumparticipation (if participation index is between 6 and 11), and d)high participation (if participation index is over 12). We analyzedthe participation index by site and by conservation initiative. Re-sults were analyzed using the Stata 9.0 package.3. Results3.1. Local participation in conservationOur research reveals that more than two thirds of the people inour sample had not participated at all in any activity explicitlyrelated to any stage of any conservation initiative in their com-munities (creation, design or implementation). However, as indi-cated in Table 3, there are some differences in overall participation
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