Comparing the actual cost per vehicle with the standard cost produces a favorable var. iance of $7.345 truck (S46.433 S39.088), about a 16% savings. This outcome reveals that the Navistar, Inc. managers were cost conscious and able to increase overall production efficiency. In Chapter 9. we learned that budgets set standards that are used to control and evaluate managerial performance. However, budgets are aggregate measures of formance: they identify the revenues and costs in total that an organization should expe rience if plans are executed as expected. By comparing the actual costs and actual revenues with the corresponding budgeted a at the same level of activity, a mea- sure of managerial efficiency emerges. Although this process provides significant information for control. developing stand. ards for unit amounts, as well as for total amounts, can further enhance control. To determine the unit standard cost for a particular input, two decisions must be made: The quantity decision: The amount of input that should be used per unit of output The pricing devision: The amount that should be paid for the quantity of the input to be used The quantity decision produces quantity standards, and the pricing decision produces price standards. The unit standard cost can be computed by multiplying these two standards: