Douglas Trumbull [2012] has been developing technology that allows adding objects filmed at one frame rate to films shots filled at other frame rates. He talks of the evolution of film from the early silent black and white films shot at 18fps, to 24fps talkies, to colour films, changing the screen format by introducing widescreen, and now the use of 3D. He mentions that film projectors operate at 144fps, meaning that showing a film at 24fps involves projecting each frame several times to avoid flickering. Also with 3D 24fps is inadequate ”often results in objectionable blurring and strobing that diminishes or destroys the 3D effect altogether on fast action”. Trumbull’s research has lead him to state that 60fps is the ”most comfortable and compatible”, having also filmed at 120fps with a 360-degree6 shutter which ”makes it possible to digitally merge any number of adjacent frames in order to recover the appropriate amount of blur necessary for 24 fps display”. He also mentions that higher frame rates are not suitable for all films, but rather those that transport the viewer to another world, such as Avatar and George Lucas’s Star Wars franchise.