The current research utilizes a cross-sectional questionnaire survey as its
main method. Data were collected at two levels: information regarding
company HR practices was collected from HR managers, and data on
employee perceptions and attitudes were measured from each individual
employee. One HR manager and about 30 individual employees from each
company were asked to complete the questionnaires. Questionnaire items
were translated into Korean and then retranslated by a third person into
English; finally, the items were compared with the original expressions to
examine the validity of the translation. Moreover, a group of Korean PhD
candidates with work experience in the HR field at Korean companies
discussed expressions in each translated item to avoid any misunderstanding
caused by cultural differences. Regarding each individual sample, employees
were included in this study if they had more than 1 year of tenure. This cutoff
was used to allow time for employees to perceive justice in the company’s
practices. In addition, the survey targeted regular contract-basis employees;
part-time or temporary employees were excluded because their employment
conditions significantly differed from those of regular employees.