The changes in the soil physical properties due to soil
deformation and mulching were mediated by different weather
conditions during the three soybean growing seasons (2006–
2008), growth phase and soil layer.
Straw mulch generally improved soil water status, reduced the
hydraulic gradients and soil temperature during growing seasons
by providing an insulation layer, mostly in the period until canopy
was established. In periods of limited water availability, soil
deformation resulted in grater hydraulic gradients, likely as a result
of poor root penetration and reduced water uptake from deeper
depth.