As a promising solution to global warming and air pollution,
hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are becoming increasingly popular.
They have energy storage systems (ESSs) to reduce emissions and
fuel consumption. Generally, two types of ESS are used in HEVs:
gasoline and electricity. Energy management systems (EMS) play
a crucial role in affecting performance, cost effectiveness, and adapatability
of HEVs by controlling and distributing energy among
multiple ESSs. An optimal energy management strategy can either
improve fuel economy or reduce emissions for a HEV. To improve
the online efficiency performance of HEVs, a highly efficient and
real-time energy management strategy is necessary