Phenolic phytochemicals have a wide range of biological actions, including the ability to act as antioxidants, ameliorate inflammation, modulate enzyme activity, and regulate gene expression. Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) appear to have the highest total phenol content and are a rich source of phenolic compounds, particularly phenolic acids (including benzoic, hydroxycinnamic and ellagic acids) and flavonoids (including flavonols, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins [PACs])