Limited space within the curriculum
■ Learners’ lack of previous experience of
autonomous learning
■ Lack of incentive among learners
■ Learner reliance on the teacher
■ Limited learner contact with English outside
the classroom
■ Learners’ focus on passing tests
■ Lack of relevant resources for teachers
and learners
■ Lack of learner ability to exploit resources
■ Limited learner proficiency in English
■ Prescribed curricula and materials
■ Lack of teacher autonomy
■ Teachers’ limited expectations of what learners
can achieve.