Problems related to ethnicity and religion also loomed large in some of
Europe’s surviving monarchies. There was the Irish question in the United
Kingdom, of course, and a lesser-known but explosive ethnonational matter
in Denmark. The Danes had adopted a relatively liberal constitution
in 1849, but not until 1901 did King Christian IX agree to form a government
that would have the confidence of the elected national legislature’s
lower house. In 1919, his grandson Christian X formally declared that he
would not form any government without a lower-house majority. But jus