It is also crucial in the context of knowledge sharing, knowledge acquisition, as well as the responsiveness to knowledge because it provides an opportunity for people to, not only gain or create new knowledge, but also to share their knowledge flow (Pangil and Nasurdin, 2005).
The use of extensive training and development programs should be able to enhance the general level of self-efficacy among organizational employees and as a result, employees will have enhanced competence, aptitude and the ability to exchange knowledge with others (Cabrera and Cabrera, 2005). Training in team building should enhance levels of cognitive, structural and relational social capital that will also help to motivate KM activities (Cabrera and Cabrera, 2005). Meanwhile, Goh (2002) reported that training in creativity and experimentation can help overcome some restrictions in knowledge acquisition, knowledge dissemination and knowledge sharing, such as a recipient’s lack of motivation, absorptive capacity and retentive capacity. KM activities can happen effectively in formal training sessions (Wong et al., 1999; Pangil and Nasurdin, 2005). Therefore, we make the following proposition:
P6. The greater emphasis on training and development will lead to a greater amount of KM activities (i.e. knowledge acquisition, knowledge dissemination and the responsive to knowledge) among followers.
The review above indicates that an organization’s HRM and TQM practices have significant effects on KM activities. Given that there is a limited amount of rigorous research in this aspect, this study examines the effects of HRM and TQM practices on KM activities.