Research conducted over the last three decades has changed our view of reading as a mere
process of decoding. As Carrell and Eisterhold state EFL/ESL reading theory has been
influenced during the past decades by Goodman (from the mid- to late 1970s) who views reading
as a “guessing game” in which the “reader reconstructs, as best as he can, a message which has
been encoded by a writer.” (1983, p. 554) As Grabe describes Godman’s perception of reading
which is seen as an