In recent years, permeable reactive barriers(PRBs) have gradually
replaced the conventional pump-and-treat processes used to
remediate contaminated groundwater [6]. A major advantage of
PRBs is the cost savings achieved by using the natural flow to bring
the contaminants in contact with the reactive materials without
installing any above-ground facilities or energy inputs [7,8]. The
various filling materials proposed for use in groundwater remediation,
including zero-valent iron, activated carbon, fly ash, zeolite,
waste green sand, and peat depending on the properties of contaminants
(e.g., organic or inorganic) and reaction mechanisms (e.g.,
degradation or adsorption) [9–14].