Based on these insights, we argue that deception may pose a dilemma
to bargainers. It may be an effective strategy for increasingthe own outcome on the one hand, but it may be considered an
unethical one on the other. To understand when and why bargainers
use deception – or refrain from using it – it is essential to incorporate
insights on both the benefits and costs of using deception. In
the current paper we adopt an instrumental approach to deception,
which incorporates these elements.