is 0.02–0.06 mg/kg slow i.v., which can be repeated and
increased if needed. The rate of administration should not
exceed 1 mg/2 min i.v. For bradycardia (less prevalent) atropine
is used at 0.01–0.02 mg/kg i.m. or s.c. Artificial respiration
is applicated if needed. To release seizures diazepam
(0.5–2.0 mg/kg, slow i.v.) or barbiturates are applicated.
Fluid diuresis may assist in stabilizing cardiovascular
function and hasten urinary excretion of methylxanthines.
Other treatment for symptomatic animals includes thermoregulation,
correcting acid/base and electrolyte abnormalities,
monitoring cardiac status via electrocardiography, and
urinary catheter placement (methylxanthines and their
metabolites can be reabsorbed across the bladder wall).
Clinical signs may persist up to 72 h in severe cases.