Olsen 2004). State anxiety measures temporal feelings of fear
or worry, whereas trait anxiety measures the tendency of an
individual to be anxious. The total score range is 20–80, with
higher scores indicating greater anxiety. Alpha coefficient
values for internal consistency ranged from 0Æ83 to 0Æ92 for
state anxiety and 0Æ86 to 0Æ92 for trait anxiety. The STAI has
been successfully used with the elderly and in medical/
surgical populations (Frank-Stromborg & Olsen 2004, Sheu
2000). The Chinese version of the State-Trait Anxiety
Inventory (C-STAI) has good reliability and validity (Sheu
2000: