Industrialization and growth
Modern urbanization can be seen as the product of an industrial system which, in order to increase productivity, subdivided each task into its specialized parts. The large city afforded a concentration of specialists capable of performing increasingly complex functions with rising productivity
The process has produced an affluent economic system, but its by-product has been an increasing tendency to fragmentation in urban society. Each specialized group acts in terms of its own interests. Pollution occurs because it is nobody’s concern; ugliness can be disregarded.