Personal Factors Subscale (PFS) included structured questions of study level and student monthly income. Perceived Benefits of Action Subscale (PBAS), Perceived Barriers to Action Subscale (PbAS), and Perceived Self- efficacy Subscale (PSS) were designed to measure individual perceptions about benefits, barriers and self-efficacy in practicing health-promoting behaviors. Health-Promoting Behaviors Subscale (HPBS) measured the practice of health-promoting behaviors