Most herbal therapies have been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties and plausible mechanisms of action in IBD. Bovine colostrum consists of immunoglobulins and growth factors and may be efficacious in UC. Preparations from the gum resin of Boswellia serrata have been used as a traditional remedy in Ayurvedic medicine in India for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In vitro studies have reported the suppression of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and pro-inflammatory interleukins by wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) extracts. Boswellic acids inhibit the leukotriene biosynthesis in neutrophilic granulocytes via noncompetitive inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase, resulting in a significant dropped in the mean serum TNF-alpha level; this effect was not observed in the placebo group.[37] Andrographis paniculata has in vitro inhibitory activity against TNF-α, IL-1β and NF-κB.[33]