Power distribution in micro-scale machining is clearly distinguished
from that in macro-scale machining. Kordonowy (2002)
described the energy distribution in a conventional milling machine
center, using an end-mill tool with a diameter of 80mm(3.15
inches) and an aluminum workpiece. In his research, about 27% of
the total energy was the startup energy; the operating machine
module consumed about 19%, and the machining consumed about 48%. Gutowski et al. (2005) examined the energy distribution at the
Toyota Motor Corporation, and found that 14.8% of the total energy
was used for machining. The energy consumption increases as the
material removal rate increases, but the proportion of material
removal energy decreases when the size of the tool decreases.