After adjusting for the risk of the fund, academic studies reported that mutual funds were able to perform up to the market on a gross-returns basis;however,when expenses were factored in, they underperformed the market. For instance, Michael Jensen, in a paper published in 1968, reported that gross risk-adjusted returns were – 0.4% and that net risk-adjusted returns (i.e.,net of expenses) were funds, net risk-adjusted returns were essentially zero. Some analysts attributed this general result to the average 1.3% expense ratio of mutual funds and their desire to hold cash.