These adherent cells
are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix
of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Biofilm
EPS is a polymeric conglomeration generally composed
of extracellular DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides.
Biofilms can form on living or non-living surfaces,
such as medical settings (62,63). Biofilms protect
MRSA from antibiotics and host immune defenses
and then MRSA remains adherent on biotic or abiotic
surfaces. Thus, biofilms can play a role in prolonging
the duration of infection and promoting colonization.
Whether Staphylococcus aureus clones in the nose
form biofilms is still an argument, but comparison of
physiological situations between nasal colonization and
in biofilms can bring certain hints. Nasal colonization
and biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus share the same
trait of keeping relatively calm compared to the invasive
situation of toxin-producing acute Staphylococcus
aureus disease. It was reported that many colonizing
strains are deficient in global virulence regulator Agr
(64). Of note, there is a study which indicates that
biofilmformation has been associated with the spread of
some clones such as the Brazilian MRSA ST239 strain
which is considered an ancestor of the Chinese SasX
positive ST239 strains (65)
These adherent cellsare frequently embedded within a self-produced matrixof extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). BiofilmEPS is a polymeric conglomeration generally composedof extracellular DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides.Biofilms can form on living or non-living surfaces,such as medical settings (62,63). Biofilms protectMRSA from antibiotics and host immune defensesand then MRSA remains adherent on biotic or abioticsurfaces. Thus, biofilms can play a role in prolongingthe duration of infection and promoting colonization.Whether Staphylococcus aureus clones in the noseform biofilms is still an argument, but comparison ofphysiological situations between nasal colonization andin biofilms can bring certain hints. Nasal colonizationand biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus share the sametrait of keeping relatively calm compared to the invasivesituation of toxin-producing acute Staphylococcusaureus disease. It was reported that many colonizingstrains are deficient in global virulence regulator Agr(64). Of note, there is a study which indicates thatbiofilmformation has been associated with the spread ofsome clones such as the Brazilian MRSA ST239 strainwhich is considered an ancestor of the Chinese SasXpositive ST239 strains (65)
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