2.3.4. Perceived ability
Students' perceived ability was measured by the 5-point Likert scales (5 items). The scale was validated by Miller and his
colleagues (Miller, Greene, Montalvo, Ravindran, & Nichols, 1996). Cronbach's alpha for the measure was 0.685. Sample
questions are shown in Appendix C.
2.4. Procedures
Upon completion of a pre-test, students were instructed to play the game using a desktop computer in the computer lab.
The students were given approximately 40 min to play the game. Depending on the assigned condition, students received