The primary endpoint was the difference in mean growth WHO z score for weight-for-age (WFAZ), length-for-age (LFAZ), weight-for-length (WFLZ), and HC-for-age (HCFAZ) between cases and controls in each group at each time point. We evaluated the statistical significance of the differences by using the Student’s t test with a threshold of P = .05. Differences between CHD categorieswereevaluatedbyusinglinear regression.