We also recorded the nest shrub or tree species for all nests and visually estimated nest height to the nearest 15 cm for nests ≤3 m above the ground and to the nearest 0.5 m for higher nests. We pooled data across years but analyzed DMRs of robins and thrushes separately with the program CONTRAST (Hines & Sauer 1989). Nests placed in dead trees or shrubs, Rosa multiflora, and Celastrus spp., were excluded from the analyses due to low sample sizes.