In keeping with the Herzberg model, the Japanese language questionnaire was designed to investigate extrinsic and intrinsic motivators. Managers and employees used the same sets of items, with employees asked to assess each item’s importance as a potential motivator or incentive on a personal level and managers asked to assess the items with respect to their expected impact on employees. Importance assessments were made using a seven point Likert scale with 1 ¼ Not at all and 7 ¼ Extremely high.